![]() China and India have respectively positioned themselves as a “near-Arctic state (近北极国家)” and home of the “third pole,” positing vague and expansive conceptions of the Arctic region that include them as indispensable members. Each country’s strategy follows a logic informed by its geography and relative power. ![]() The five Asian observers all want to participate in the economic opportunities presented by a changing Arctic, but they have taken markedly different substantive approaches. 1 Arctic Circle Forums have been held in Asia periodically since 2015. Most importantly, all five countries have also engaged in scientific projects led by the AC’s Working Groups, Task Forces, and Expert Groups. All but India have appointed official Arctic ambassadors or envoys. All but Singapore have since released white papers that elaborate on and formalize their Arctic policies. However, China, India, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea have enjoyed non-voting observer membership in the AC since May 2013. ![]() No South or East Asian countries have territory north of the Arctic circle, and as such none enjoy voting rights in the Arctic Council (AC). National Interests, Governance Preferences ![]()
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